TOPICAL ANALYSIS 



DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 



j! United States History, i 

PRACTICAL ARITHMFTIC 



PHYSIOLOGY & HYGIENE. 



OR USE IN 



\ 

LB 

Ui41 



COMMON SCHOOLS, 

NORMAL SCHOOLS, 

, AN!> 

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 

Revised Eiition. 

Bv GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD. 



CFIICAGO, ILLINOIS: 

VAILK AND WINCHELL, /'UBLTSHKRS. 
i| 1878- 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

®fcj! etliiijrig]^ 1^0 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS 

OF 

descriptive geography, 

United States History, 

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIQ 



AND 



PHYSIOLOGY & HYGIENE. 



FOR USE IN 



COMMON SCHOOLS, 

NORMAL SCHOOLS, 

AND 

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 

■^ ( ^ >1 Revised Edition. 



^7 



By GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD, 



CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: 

VAILE AND WINCHELL, PUBLISHERS. 
1878. 






COPYRIGHT BY 

GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD. 

1878. 



PREFACE. 



I'^HE object aimed at in the preparation of this book was to 
place in the hands of the pupils a synopsis of the principal 
topics to which they should pay special attention in the prepara- 
tion of their lessons; and to have these topics so connected that 
the lessons may be easily learned and retained. 

The necessity for such a plan has been long apparent from the 
many failures made in teaching these branches in many of our 
schools. 

Take, for instance, the study of History. How many teachers 
have labored hard and long trying to "get through the book'^ 
with a class, only to find on examination that very few, if any, 
of the pupils could relate, either orally or in writing, in language 
not borrowed from the text-book (and few even in that) the 
history of any important period or campaign. 

Why is this, if not because too much time has been spent in 
memorizing «///>;//^r/^/z/ matter, and that, too, so disconnected 
that the first part of the story was forgotten before the last was 
learned? 

Place the text-book a/one in the hands of the teacher, and in 
too many cases questions from the margins of the pages are "shot 
at" the class and answers as quickly returned; and on examina- 
tion if is found that the pupils, and perhaps the teacher, are 
using language the meaning of much of which they have not the 
slightest conception. 

Take the text-book away from the scholars, and teacher too, 
during the time of recitation ; assign the lessons by topics ; let 
the pupils use the text-books for reference in preparing their 



IV PREFACE. 

lessons, and require the recitations to be both oral and written, 
and it will not be long before the pupils will find it easier to use 
language with which they are acquainted, and to have the facts 
connected in the order in which they occurred. 

There will be no difficulty in remembering all the dates that 
should be remembered ; and teachers will soon be ashamed to 
come before their classes unprepared to lead them rather than be 
dragged along by them. 

The same may be truly said of Geography. There is probably 
more time wasted in the study of Geography than there is spent 
profitably. We need more written work, more map-drawing, more 
learning where important cities, rivers, railroads, mountains, for- 
ests, seas, etc., are, and why they are hnportantj and less searching 
for minor details and less important places that have nothing about 
them to recommend them to the mind of the child. 

Good wall maps with text-books for reference in preparing the 
lessons, and an analysis of the more important topics from which 
to assign them seem more in harmony with the limited time in 
which a large m.ajority of our children must procure their knov,-l- 
edge of Geography. 

Whatever advantage is gained by teaching History or Geog- 
raphy topically is equally applicable to Physiology and Arithmetic. 
The plan of teaching by topics is not new; it has been prac- 
ticed in our best schools for years. 

In placing the topics on the board by the teacher, and copying 
them by the pupils, much valuable time is lost that may be saved 
by placing this work in their hands and assigning the lessons 
from it. 

With the Topical Analysis in the hands of the pupils, a non- 
uniformity of text-books is a benefit, rather than a disadvantage, 
to the class, and is certainly a great saving to the patrons of our 
schools. 

Hoping that this work will find its proper place in the school- 
room, it is respectfully submitted. 

G. S. W. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS, 



GEOGRAPHY. 



PART I. 



DIRECTION DISTANCE, AND AREA. 



I. Direction. 

1 . Use. 

2. Names. 

a. North. 

b. East. 

c. South. 

d. West. 

e. N. E. 
/. S. E. 
g. S. W. 
h. N.W. 

2 Distance. 

1. Inches. 

2. Feet. 

3. Rods. 

4. Miles. 

5 . Fractional pa7'ts of 

a ?nile. 
3. Area. 

1. Square inches. 

2. '' /^^/. 

3- " -^^^-r. 

4- '^ w//^j". 
5. Acres. 



Drill thoroughly in direction un- 
til each pupil can point accurately 
and promptly to all the points of 
the compass. 



Drill thoroughly in distance by 
actual measurement of lines, boards, 
floor, etc., and by comparing things 
measured with things which the 
pupils have not measured, until they 
are good judges of distance and 
area. 



6 GEOGRAPHY. 

LESSONS ABOUT HOME. 

1. School-House. 

1. Shape. 

a. Tell the shape orally, 

b. Show the shape by drawing on slates and blackboard. 

2. Position and Location. 

a. Tell, orally the position and location of seats, desks, 

stove, etc., in the school-room. 

b. Locate them in drawings. 

3. Map. 

a. Definition. 

b. Draw maps of school-room, school -house and grounds, 

dwelling houses, farms, etc. 

2. City or Township. 

1. Draw map of city or township and locate streets, promi- 

nent buildings (such as depot, banks, courthouse, 
school houses, churches, warehouses, mills, etc.) 

2. Give lessons on the uses and means of carr}ing on the 

different kinds of business of each. 

3. Divide township into sections and quarter-sections. 

4. Define things shown on the maps. 

3. County. 

1. Draw map of county giving numbers and ranges of town- 

ships. 

2. Locate the principal cities, villages, railroads, rivers, etc. 

3. Define things shown on map. 

4. Name the county officers and tell the general duties of 

each. 

4. State (where taught). 

1. Map. 

a. Draw map of the state and locate the railroads, rivers, 

mountains, lakes, watersheds, valleys, and im- 
portant cities. 

b. Define tilings shown on the map. 

2. Position. 



GEOGRAPHY. \ 

a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 

3. Surface. 

a. Elevations, b. Drainage. 

4. Products. 

a. Natural, b. Cultivated, c. Quality of the soil. 

5. Animals. 

a. Domestic, b. Wild. 

6. Public Buildings. 

a. Where located, b. Uses and how controlled. 

7. Government. 

a. State officers and their duties. 

b. Tenure of office and how changed. 
e. How laws are made. 

8. History. 

a. Of state, b. Of county, c. Of city or township. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

{Map of the World.) 



1. Continents. 

2. Coasts. 

3. Oceans. 
4. 



Islands. 



Coast Lands. 

1. Peninsulas. 

2. Isthmuses. 

3. Capes. 

4. Promontories. 
Coast Waters. 

1. Seas. 

2. Gulfs. 

3. Bays. 

4. Straits. 



Define each and point to all shown 
on the map of the hemispheres. 



a. Define each. 



b. Point to them on the map. 



c. Draw map illustrating each. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Surface of the Land. 

Valleys. 



How formed. 

How formed. 
d. Source, e. 
Falls. /. Uses. 



Plains. 

Hills. a. 

Mountains. I b. 
Table Lands. ( c. 
Marshes. d. 

Deserts. 
Watersheds. 
Waters upon the Land 

1. Springs. 

a. Define, b. 

2. Rivers. 

a. Define, b. 
defined. 
Bed. h. 

3. River Systems. 

a. Define, b. 

on map and name them. 

4. Lakes. 

a. Define, b. 
Shore. /. 

5. Canals. 

a. Define, b. How made, 
with railroads. 
Occupations of Man. 

1. Farming. 

2. Lumbering. 

3. Mining. 

4. Quarrying. 

5. Manufacturing 

6. Commerce. 

7. Professions. 



Define. 

Illustrate. 

How represented on the map. 

Uses. 



c. Right and left banks 
Mouth. /. Basin, g. 



Formation, c. Use. d. Show them 



Formation. 

Uses. 



c. Head. d. Foot, e. 



Uses. d. Compare 



a. Define. 

b. Object of. 

c. Nature of the country where each 
is best adapted. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

PART II. 



LESSONS ON THE EARTH 

{Use the Globe if possible.) 

1. Ifs Shape. 

I. How proven. 

2. Its relation to other planets, 

3. Its size. 

I. Diameter. 2. Circumference. 

4. Lines and Circles upoti the Earth. 

I. Axis. 



II. 



2. Poles. 

3. Equator. 

4. Parallels. 

5. Meridians. 
Circles Divided. 
I. Degrees. 

a. Number, d. Size. 
Measurement of the Earth. 
1 a. 



Define. 
Illustrate 

Draw map of hemispheres show- 
ing e*iich. 



Define, b. 
c. Examples. 



1. Latitude. 

2. Longitude. 
Tropics. 

1. Cancer. 

2. Capricorn. 
Polar Circles. 

1. Arctic. 

2. Antarctic. 
Zones. 

1. Torrid. 

2. Temperate. 

3. Frigid. 
Movements of the Earth. 

1. Diurnal. ) a. 

2. Annual. j c. 
Distribution of Land and Water. 

I. Land. ) a. Ratio. 



Hew reckoned. 



Location, b. L'ses. 
Distance from the equator. 
Show them on the map. 



Number. 
Boundaries. 
Climate. 
Animals. 



Define. 

Width of each. 

Vegetation. 

People. 



Definition, b. Effect. 
Illustrate with the globe. 



2. Water. 



b. Location 



iO 



GEOGRAPHY. 



12. Hemispheres. 

1. Eastern. 

2. Western. 



a. Divisions of land. 

b. Washed by what wat^r. 



MAP OF NORTH AMERICA 
Position. 

1. Divisions. 

2. Boundaries. 
3- Bays and Peninsulas. 
4. Islands. 
Surface. 

1. Mountains and other Highlands. 

a. Position, b. Extent. 

2. Rivers and Lakes. 

a. Name. b. Locate. 
Climate and Vegetation. 

1. Climate of each Zone. 

2. Chief products of each Zone^ 
Political Divisions. 

United States. 

British America. 

Mexico. 

Central America, 

West Indies. 

Danish America. 
Map. 
I. Draw a map of North America from memory. 



Boundaries. 

Area. 

Form of government. 



MAP OF UNITED STATES. 
Position and Outline. 

1. P'oundaries. 

2. Area (compared with that of North America). 

3. Population (compared with that of North America 
»- Indentation of coasts. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



II 



Surf ice. 
I. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems. 

b. Other highlands. 



a. Source. 

b. Course. 

c. Drains what. 

d. Empties where. 

e. Tributaries. 
/. Important cities on. 



Rivn-s. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Ohio. 

Hudson. 

Colorado. 

Rio Grande. 

Columbia. 

4. Ishnds. 

1. Location. 

2. Of what importance. 

5. Cliinaic. 

1. Summers. 

2. Vv'inters. 

6. l^rf!;efaiion and Soil, 

1. Natural. 

2. Cultivated. 

3. Nature of soil in different parts* 

7. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationality. 

2. Occupations. 

3. Education. 

4. Religions. 

8. Government. 

1. Form of. 

2. Departments. 

3. Relation of states to United States, 

9. States Divided into Groups, 

1. New England. 

2. Middle. 

3. South Eastern. 

4. Central. 

5. Western. 
I o. Territories. 



a. Names of states of each group. 

b. Names of territories. 

c. How territories are formed into 
states. 



12 



GEOGRAPHY. 



II. Map. 

I. Draw map of United States from memory, and locate 
the principal rivers, mountain ranges, lakes, gulfs, bays, 
peninsulas, and cities. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES OF UNITED STATES. 



1. Position. 

a. Boundaries. 

b. Area (compared with the 

state where taught). 

c. Indentation of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

a. Mountains and other high- 

lands. 

b. Valleys, etc. 

c. How drained. 

3. Rivers and lakes. 

a. Names, b. Source and 

course of each. 

b. Drains what. 

c. Empties where. 

4. Climate. 

a. Summers, b. Winters. 

5. Vegetation. 

a. Natural, b. Cultivated. 
c. Nature of the soil. 

6. Commerce. 

a. Exports, b. Imports. 

7. Animals. 

a. Domestic 

8. Minerals. 

a. Kind. b. Extent 

9. Inhabitants. 

a. Number, b. 
c. Occupations, 
travel. 
10. Important cities. 
a. Location. 



I. States. 


I. 


Maine. 


2. 
3- 


New Hampshire 
Vermont. 


4- 


Massachusetts. 


5- 


Rhode Island. 


6. 


Connecticut. 


7- 


New York. 


8. 

9- 
10. 


Pennsylvania. 
New Jersey. 
Delaware. 


II. 


Maryland. 


12. 

13- 
14. 


Virginia. 
West Virginia. 
North Carolina, 


15- 


South Carolina. 


16. 
17- 


Georgia. 
Alabama. 


18. 


Florida. 


19. 


Ohio. 


20. 


Indiana. 


21. 


Illinois. 


22. 


Michigan. 


23- 


Wisconsin. 


24. 


Kentucky. 


25- 


Missouri. 


26. 


Iowa. 


27. 


Minnesota. 


28. 


Nebraska. 


29. 


Kansas. 


Z^' 


Tennessee. 


31. 
32. 


Mississippi. 
Louisiana. 



b. Wild. 



Nationalities. 
d. Modes of 



2. 





GEOGRAPHY. I 3 


^^. Arkansas. 


>| 






34. Texas. 








35. Colorado. 






^. Why important. 


^6. Nevada. 




II. 


Capital. 


37. California. 






a. Name and locate. 


38. Oregon. 




12. 


History. 


Territories. 






a. When made a state. 


I. Wa hington. 






b. From what territory. 


2. Arizona. 




^ 13. 


Maps, 


3. Utah. 






a. Draw map of each state 


4. Idaho. 






from memory. 


5. New Mexico. 






b. Draw complete map of 


6. Wyoming. 






United States, loca- 


7. Montana. 






ting important rivers, 


8. Indian. 






cities, n^.oun tains. 


9. Dakota. 






lakes, railroads, etc. 


District of Columbia. 


> 








P/ 


IRT 


III. 



BRITISH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

T. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation of coasts. 

2. Sin-faee. 

1. Elevations. 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers a7td Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and direction. 

2. Drains what. 

3. Empties where. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and names. 

2. Of what importance. 



14 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Climate. 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 
Government. 

1. Title of Chief Executive. 

2. Dependent on. 

3. Members of legislature elected how ? 
Political Divisions. 





> 


a. 


Position. 






b. 


Size. 






c. 


Describe the coasts. 


I. 


Dominion of Canada. 


d. 


Climate and vegetation. 


2. 


Prince Edward's Island. 


e. 


Surface. 


3- 


Newfoundland. 


^ / 


Animals. 


4- 


British Columbia. 


^• 


Chief cities. 






h. 


Government. 






i. 


Exports. 




^ 


J- 


Imports, 



8. Map, 



I. Draw map of British America from memory, locating 
important cities, rivers, railroads, mountains, and lakes. 



DANISH AMERICA. 



Divisions. 



1. Greenland. 

2. Iceland. 



a. Position and size. 

b. Climate and vegetation. 

c. Surface and drainage. 

d. Occupation of inhabitants. 

e. Animals. 

/. Exports and imports. 
g. Describe the coasts. 
h. Draw map of each. 



GEOGRAPHY. I5 

MEXICO. 
I. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountains. 

b. Volcanoes. 

2. Depressions and drainage, 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and course. 

2. Drainage. 

3. Empty where. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and importance. 

2. Inhabitants. 

5. Climate. 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 

6. Vegetation. 

I. Chief products. 

7. Commerce. 

1. Exports. 

2. Imports. 

8. Minerals. 

1. Kind. 

2. Where found. 

3. Extent. 

9. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationality. 

2. Occupation. 
10. Important Cities. 

1. Name and location. 

2. Why important. 



1 6 GEOGRAPHY. 

1 1 . Form of Gover7ime7ii. 

12. Map. 

I, Draw complete map of Mexico from memory. 



lO 



CENTRAL AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 
5. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and direction. 

2. Empty where. 

4. Cdniate. 

5. Oiief Products, 

6. Commerce. 

1. Exports. 

2. Imports 

7. Minerals. 

1. Kind. 

2. Extent. 

8. Inhalntants. 

1 . Number and nationality. 

2. Occupation. 

3. Education. 

4. Religions. 

9. 7^6';7// <?;^ Government 
States. 

1. Guatemala. 

2. San Salvador. 

3. Honduras. 

4. Nicaragua. 

5. Costa Rica. 

II. Map. 

I . Draw complete map of Central America from memory. 



a. Boundaries. 

b. Important cities. 

c. Why important. 



' 


GEOGRAPHY. I 7 


WEST INDIES. 


livisions. 










^. Position, boundaries, and 


I. Greater Antilles. 




area. 


a. Cuba. 




b. Surface and drainage. 


b. Hayti. 




c. Climate and vegetation. 


c. Porto Rico. 




> d. Exports and imports. 


d. Jamaica. 




€. Animals. 


2. Lesser Antilles. 




/. Inhabitants. 


3. Bahamas. 




g. Form of government. 




■ 


h. Important cities. 



2 Map, 



I. Draw map of West Indies from memory. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Sinface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems. 

b. Other highlands. 

2, Depressions. 
'I. Rivers and Lakes. 



1. Magdalena 

2. Orinoco. 

3. Amazon. 

4. La Plata. 

5. Lake Titicaca. 
Isla?ids. 


a. 

c. 
d 


Source. 
Course 
Drains what. 
Empties where. 


I. Location and 


importance. 




Climate. 






I. Summers. 






2. Winters. 







i8 


GEOGRAPHY. 


6. 


Vegetation atid Soil. 

1. Natural. 

2. Cultivated. 

3. Nature of soil. 






7- 


Commerce. 








I. Exports. 








2. Imports. 






8. 


Anifnah. 

1. Domestic. 

2. Wild. 






9- 


Minerals. 






lO. 


Inhabitants. 








I. Number and national 


ity. 






2. Occupations. 








3. Modes of travel. 




\ 




4. Education. 








5. Religions. 






II. 


Political Divisions. 








I. Brazil. 


> 


I. Position. 




2. Venzeuela. 




a. Boundaries and area* 




3. Guiana. 




2. Surface. 




4. Columbia. 




3. Climate. 




5. Ecuador. 




4. Commerce. 




6. Peru. 




a. Exports. 




7. Bolivia. 




b. Imports. 




8. Chili. 




5. Form of government* 




9. Argentina. 




6. Important cities. 




10. Uraguay. 




a. Names. 




II. Paraguay. 




b. Locations. 




12. Patagonia. 




c. Why important. 




13. Tierra del Fuego. 


J 


7. Capitals. 


12. 


Map. 








I. Draw complete map 


of 


South America from memory. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

EUROPE, 
Position. 

1. Bomidaries and area. 

2. Indentation and projection of coasts. 
Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountains. 

b. Other highlands. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 
Rivers. 



19 



I. Names. 








2. Source. 








3. Direction. 








4. Extent. 








5. Empty where. 
Lakes. 








I. Names. 








2. Location. 








Climate a?id Vegetatioft. 

1. Southern Europe. 

2. Central '' 

3. Northern *' 


V 

3 


b. 


Summers. 
Winters. 


Nations of Europe. 








1. Germanic. 

2. Romanic. 

3. Slavonic. 

4. Celts. 


J 


a. 

b. 


Composed of what. 
Why so called. 


Independent States of Europe. 
I. Number. 






2. Names. 








3. Forms of Government 


:. 







20 



8. Countries of Europe. 



I, 


British Isles 


2. 


Germany. 


3- 


Russia. 


4. 


Austria. 


5- 


Turkey. 


6. 


France. 


7- 


Switzerland 


8. 


Norway. 


9 


Sweden. 


10 


Denmark. 


II. 


Holland. 


12. 


Belgium. 


13 


Spain. 


14 


P )rtugal. 


1 


:aly. 


1 


Greece. 



GEOGRAPHY. 






I. 


Po ition. 

a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 




2. 


Surface. 

a. Highlands. 

b. How drained. 




3- 


Climate. 

a. Summers. 

b. Winters. 




4- 


Vegetation and soil. 

a. Chief products. 

b. Nature of soil. 




5- 


Commerce. 


"^ 




a. Exports. 

b. Imports. 




6. 


Animals. 




7- 


Minerals. 




8. 


Form of government. 




9- 


Inhabitants. 

a. Number. 

b. Occupations- 

c. Education. 

d. Religions. 




10. 


Important cities. 
a. Name and locate 




, 


b. Why important. 



9. Map. 

I. Draw complete map of Europe from memory 



ASIA. 
Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 
Surface. 

I. Elevations. 

a. Mountain and other highlanns. 



GEOGRAFHY. 



21 



2. Depressions and drainage. 
Rivers and Lakes, 



6. 



7- 



8. 



TO 



I. Names. 






2. Source. 






3. Course. 






4. Empty where. 






Climate. 






I. How varied. 






Vegetation. 






1. Natural. 






2. Cultivated. 






Commerce. 






I. Exports. 






2. Imports. 






Animals. 






I. Domestic. 






2. Wild. 






Inhabitants. 






I. Number. 






2. Races. 






States. 






I. Russia in Asia. 


' I. 


Position and area. 


2. Turkistan. 


2. 


Surface and drainage. 


3. Persia. 


3- 


Climate and vegetation. 


4. Afghanistan. 


4. 


Exports and imports. 


5. Turkey in Asia. 


5- 


Minerals. 


6. Beloochistan. 


6. 


Inhabitants. 


7. Arabia. 


► 


a. Number and occup'n 


8. India. 




b. Education. 


9. Farther India. 




c. Religions, 


10. China. 


7- 


Forms of government. 


II. Japan. 


8. 


Important cities. 


12. East India Archipel- 




a. Why important. 


ago. 


^ 


b. Capitals. 


Map. 






I. Draw a complete map ( 


Df As 


ia from memory. 



22 



GEOGRAPHY. 



AFRICA. 
Position. 

1. Boundaries and area. 

2. Indentation and projection of coasts. 
Surface. 

1. Mountains and other highlands. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 
Rivers a?id Lakes. 

1 . Names. 

2, Source. 
Course. 



4. 


Ciimate. 








5- 


Vegetation afid Soil. 








6. 


Exports and Imports. 








7- 


Anitnals. 








8. 


Minerals. 








9- 


Liliabitants. 










I. Number, races, and 


occupat 


Lons. 




2. Education and relig 


ions. 






3. Modes of travel. 








o. 


States. 




I. 

2. 


Position and boundaries 
Surface and vegetation. 




I. Morocco. 




3- 


Climate 




2. Algiers. 




4. 


Chief products. 




3. Tunis. 




5- 


Exports and imports. 




4. Tripoli. 




6. 


Minerals. 




5. Egypt. 




*7 


Inhabitants. 




6. Nubia. 


^ 




a. Occupations. 




7. Abyssinia. 






b. Education and reli 




8. The Sahara. 






ions. 




9. The Soudan. 




8. 


Important cities. 




10. Cape Colony. 






a. Names. 

b. Location. 

c. Why important. 



II. Map. 



Draw complete map of Africa from memor} 



2. 



GEOGRAPHY. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Divisions, 






^ I. Position and area. 




2. Surface. 




3. Climate. 




4. Vegetation and soil. 




5. Minerals. 


I. The Continent. 


6. Rivers. 


2. Australian islands. 


7. Exports and imports. 


3. Polynesian islands. 


8. Inhabitants. 




a. Number. 




b. Occupations. 




c. Religions. 




9. Important cities. 




10. Form of government. 


Map. 




I. Draw map of Australia 


from memory. 



23 



REVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Give the latitude and longitude of the capital of each state 
and country of the globe. 

2. Give the most practicable route to travel from New York to 
each of the capitals of the states and countries shown on the 
maps; also the different races of men and other objects of inter- 
est that may be seen in such countries. 



24 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERIES. 

I. Discoveries and Claiins. 

I. The Icelanders and Norwegians in America. 

a. Who were they. 

b. Why were their discoveries not recorded. 



2. Spanish. 

3. French. 

4. Dutch. 

5. English. 



a. Discoverers. 

b. What discovered. 

c. Dates. 

d. Territory claimed. 

e. Settlements made. 



2. American Indians. 

1. Number and manner of living. 

2. How treated by whites. 

3. Their claims to America. 

3. Maps. 

1. Draw map of North America. 

2. Draw map of Atlantic Ocean showing the routes taken 

by prominent discoverers. 

4. Review of Period of Discoveries. 

I. Give a brief history of each of the principal discoverers, 
what each discovered, and the routes taken. 



COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1607— 1775. 

Draw map of the provinces as they were claimed in 16^^, 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



25 



History of the Colonies. 

1. Virginia. 

2. Massachusetts. 
New Hampshire. 
Maryland. 
Connecticut. 
New York. 
New Jersey. 
Pennsylvania. 
Delaware. 
N. Carolina. 

11. S. Carolina. 

12. Georgia. 

13. Rhode Island. 



3- 

4. 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 



a. Form of government. 

r I. When. 

b. Founded. X 2. Where. 

(^ 3. By whom, 

r I. Religious. 

c. Troubles. I 2, Political. 

(^ 3. Indian. 

d. Education. 

e. Leading men. 







WARS. 








a. Cause. 








b. Dates. 


I. 


King William^ s War. 




c. Where fought. 


2. 


Queen Anne' s War. 


^ 


d. Objects. 


3- 


King George' s War. 


e. Parties engaged. 


4- 


French and Indian War 




/. Results. 
g. How terminated. 
^ h. Effects on the colonies. 



REVIEW OF COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1. Draw map of the colonies as they were in 1775. 

2. Give a list of noted men of this period and state for 

what each was noted. 






•26 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 
I . Causes of the Revolutiotiary War. 

\ I. Right of arbitrary government claimed by Great Britain. 
bj I How was this a cause. 

2. Influence of France. How a cause. 

3. Personal character of the colonists. How was this a 
cause. 

1^ 4. Personal character of the King. How was this a cause. 
[ I. Importation act. 

a. Provisions, b. Objections to it. 

2. Stamp act. 
a. Provisions, b. Objections to it. c. How carried 

out. 

3. First colonial congress assembled. 
a. When. b. Where, c. What was done. 

4. Second Importation Act. 
a. Provisions, b. Effect on the colonies. 

5. Boston ''Tea Party." 
a. Give its history, b. Leading men. 

6. Boston massacre. 
a. Cause, b. Results. 

7. Boston port bill. 
a. Provisions, b. Objects, c. Effect. 

8. Quartering British troops in colonies. 
a. Requirements, b. Results. 

9. Second colonial congress assembled. 
a. When. b. Where, c. What was done. d. Lead- 
ing men. e. Results. 

Military Operations of ///J. 

1. Battle of Lexington. 
a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 

e. Incidents of the battle. 

2. Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured. 
a. By whom. b. Objects, c. Results. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill. 
a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 

e. Incidents of the battle. 

4. Draw map of Boston and vicinity showing the position 
and movements of troops at Bunker Hill, Lexington, 
and Concord. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 27 

5. Commander-in-chief appointed, 

a. Who. I?. When. c. Where, d. By whom. 

6. Invasion of Canada. 

a. By whom. A Date. c. Object, d. Engagements. 
e. Leading officers. /. Results. 

3. MilitiiTy Operations of lyjC). 

1. Siege of Boston. 

a. How conducted, b. Results. 

2. Battle of Fort I'.Ioultrie. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 
e. Incidents of the battle. 

3. Declaration of Independence 

a. When made. b. By whom. c. Leading men. 

d. Effect on the country. 

4. Battle of Long Island. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 

e. Draw map showing position and movements of 
troops. 

5. Washington's retreat through New Jersey. 

a. Engagements, b. Route taken, c. Leading men. 
d. Results. 

6. Winter quarters. 

a. Where, b. Position of troops. 

4. Military Operations of lyjy. 

1. Washington's Campaign in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 

a. Object, b. Movements, c. Engagements, d. Lead- 
ers, e. Incidents, f Results, g. Draw map show- 
ing movements of troops in Pennsylvania. 

2. P)urgo}ne's Invasion. 

a. Object, b. Route tak^n. c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults. 

3. Winter quarters. 

a. Where, b. Condition of the armies. 

4. National flag adopted. 

a. By whom. b. When. c. Give its history. 



28 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

5 . Military Operations of 1778. 

1. The French Alliance. 

a. Why so called, b. How brought about, c. Effect 
on England and x\merica. d. What aid received 
from France. 

2. British retreat from Philadelphia to New York. 

a. Cause, b. Engagements, c. Results. 

3. French fleet. 

a. Operations in 1778. b. Results. 

6. Military Operations in ///p. 

1. In the South. 

a. What troop, b. Object, c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults, e. Draw map showing movements. 

2. In the North. 

a. What troop, b. Object, c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults, e. Draw map showing movements of troops. 

3. Situation at close of 1779. 

a. General feeling, b. Cause, c. What trouble in 
purchasing supplies. 

7. Military Operations in lySo. 

1. Siege of Charleston. 

a. By whom. b. Results, c. Leading men. 

2. Gates' operations. 

a. Route, b. Engagements, c. Results. 

3. Treason of Arnold. 

a. Where, b. Cause, c. How discovered, d. Re- 
sults, e. Give brief sketch of Arnold's life and ser- 
vices. 

4. Condition of army in winter of 1780-81. 

a. Gf-neral feelings, b. What demonstrations made. 
c. How met. 

8. Military 0/'eratio?is of lySi. 

I. Greene in the Carolinas. 

a. Engagements, b. Leading men. c. Incidents of 
the campaign, d. Results, e. Draw map of the 
Carolinas showing movements of the troops. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 29 

2. Siege of Yorktown. 

a. P'orces. I?. Leading officers, c. Duration, d. Re- 
sults. 

3. Close of the War. 

a. What steps were taken for peace, d. When and 
where was treaty of peace signed, c. Results of the 
war. 
Prepai'ations for a Constitutional Gove7'nment. 

1. Articles of Confederation adopted. 

a. Objects, b. When adopted, c. Defects, d. Con- 
tinued how long. 

2. Constitution adopted. 

a. When b. How. c. What opposition, d. Ob- 
jections raised to it. e. How were these objections 
compromised. 

3. Political parties formed. 

a. What parties, b. Platforms. 



REVIEW OF REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

1. V/rite a list of battles in chronological order, giving 

commanders and successful parties. 

2. Write an essay on the cause and results of the Revolu- 

tionary War. 

3. Trace on map of the United States the movements of 

the armies, and recite the most important incidents 
of the war, from Lexington and Concord to its close. 

4. Draw map of United States as it was in 17S3- 



2© HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
Washington's administration. — 1 789-1 797, 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. The government established. 

a. Departments, and duties of each. b. Cabinet offi- 
cers, and duties of each. 

2. Revenue. 

a. Why needed, b. How raised. 

3. Seat of government established. 

a. Where, b. For how long. 

4. French Revolution. 

a. Its effect in the United States. 

5. Whiskey Insurrection. 

a. Where, b. Cause, c. Effect. 

6. Boundaries between United States, Florida, and Louis- 

iana. 

a. How settled, b. Gain to United States. 

7. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Dates, c. From what territory. 



adams' administration. — 1 79 7-1 801. 

1. Eke' ion. 

1, By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. French difficulties. 

a. Cause, b. Extent, e. How terminated. 

2. Death of Washington. 

a. When. b. V/here. c. Cause. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 31 

3 Alien and sedition laws. 

a. By whom passed, b. Provisions. c. How re- 
ceived, d. Results. 



Jefferson's administration. — 1 801-1809. 

1. Election. 

I . By what party. 

2 Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Louisiana purchase. 

a. From whom. b. Price paid. c. Territory included, 
d. Advantage to the United States. 

2. Tripolitan War. 

a. Cause, b. Incidents, c. How and when termi^ 
nated. 

3. Burr-Harnilton duel. 

a. Cause, b. Results, c. What became of Burr. 

4. Embargo of 1807. 

a. Causes, b. Provisions, c. Results. 

5. Steamboat invented. 

a. By whom. b. When. c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Madison's administration. — 1809-181 7. 
Election, 

1 . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 
Important Facts. 

1. Non-intercourse Act. 

a. Provisions, b. Results. 

2. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

a. Causes, b. Parties engaged, c. Incidents. 



32 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

3. li'ar of 1812. 

1. Causes of the War. 

a. Causes, b. What principle involved. 

2. Military operations of 181 2. 

1. Hull's surrender. 

a. Relate the circumstances, b. Cause, c. Results. 

2. Battle of Queenstown Heights. 

a. Date. b. Route, c. Leaders, d. Results. 

3. Naval operations of 181 2. 

I. Engagements. 
a. Where, b. Parties, c. Results. 

4. IMiiitary operations of 181 3. 

a. Positions. 



b. Objects. 

c. Commanders. 



1. Army of the West. 

2. Army of the Centre. 

3. Army of the North. ^ ^ MOTementV. 

4. Indian wars. [^ ^ j^^^^^^ 

Hartford Convention. 

a. By whom held. b. Its objects, c. Results. 
Military operations of 181 4. 

( a. Positions. 

1. Northern campaign. ] ^; Co^^manders, 

2. Soutnern campaign, "j ^ Engagements. 

1^ e. Results. 

3. Battle of New Orleans. 

a. Position, b. Object, c. Movements, d. Com- 
manders, e. Results. 

4. War terminated. 

a. By what treaty. b. When. c. Gain or loss to 
the United States. 
War with Algiers. 

a. Cause, b. Movements, c. Results. 
Bank of United States chartered. 

a. Give its history, b. By whom advocated, c. By 
whom opposed. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 33 

9. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Monroe's administration. — i8i 7-1825. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Agitation concerning internal improvements. 

a. Causes, b. Who favored, c. Who opposed, d. 
Results. 

2. Indian war in Georgia. 

a. Causes, b. How suppressed, c. Results. 

3. Florida purchase. 

a. From whom. b. Price paid. c. Gain to United 
States. 

4. States admitted. 

a. What, b. Date. r. From what territory. 

5. Missouri compromise. 

a. Cause, b. Provisions, c. By whom advocated. 
d. By whom opposed. 

6. Monroe doctrine. 

a. What was it. b. How brought about. 

7. Visit of La Fayette. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 1825-1829. 

1. Election. 

T . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2 . Important Facts. 

I. Treaty with the Creek Indians. 

^. Cause of dispute, b. How settled, c. Provisions 
of the treaty. 



34 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

2. Death of eminent men. 

a. Who. b. Write brief sketch of their lives. 

3. Protective tariff. 

a. Define, b. What objections to it. c. Where pop- 
ular and why. d. Where distasteful and why. 



Jackson's administration. — 1 829-1 837, 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Attempt to renew the United States Bank charter. 

a. By what party advocated, b. By what party op- 
posed, c. Results. 

2. Black Hawk war. 

a. Causes, b. Where fought, c. Results. 

3. Nullification. 

a. Define, b. Cause, c. Where endorsed, d. How 
settled. 

4. Florida war. 

a. Causes. b. Commanders, c. How conducted. 
d. Results. 

5. Politics. 

a. Democrats \ i. Advocated what. 

b. Whigs. 3 2. Leading men. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Dates, e. From what territory. 



VAN buren's administration. — 1S37-1S41. 
I . Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of election. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 35 

2. ImportaJit Fads. 

1. Financial crisis of 1837. 

a. Causes, b. Effects. 

2. Foreign affairs. 

a Give the history of the '' Canada Rebellion." 

3. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



HARRISON AND TYLER's ADxMIXISTRATION 184I-1845. 

1. Electio?i. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Liiporlant Facts. 

1. Death of Harrison. 

a. When. b. V/ho became President. 

2. Tyler's action on U. S. Bank bill. 

a. What was it. b. How received by his party, c. 
Result. 

3. Ashburton Treaty. 

a. Settled what. b. Why so named. 

4. Dorr's Rebellion. 

a. Where, b. Causes, e. How terminated. 

5. Mormon troubles. 

a. Where, b. Cau:e. c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



folk's administration. — 1 845-1 849. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 



36 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

MEXICAN WAR. 

1. Causes. 

2. Campaigns. 

1. On the Rio Grande. 

2. Invasion of Mexico 

by Taylor. 

3. The conquest of New 



a. Date. 

b. Route taken. 

c. Engagements. 
Mexico and Cali- [ d. Commanders, 
fornia by Fremont e. Results. 

and Kearney. /. Incidents of the war. 

4. Scott in Mexico. 

3. Peace established. 

a. How. b. Date. c. Gain or loss to United States. 

4. Gold discovered. 

a. When. b. Where, c. Results. 

5. Free Soil party organized. 

a. When., b. By whom. c. Platform. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What, b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Taylor's and fillmore's administrations. — 1849-185 3. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Importa7it Facts. 

1. The omnibus bill. 

a. Its purpose, b. Provisions, c. Effect. 

2. Cuban difficulties. 

a. Cause, b. Results. 

3. Trouble with England. 

a. Cause, b. How settled, c. Results. 

4. An Arctic squadron equipped. 

a. Its object, b. Commander, c. Results. 

5. Death of Taylor. 

a. When. b. Where, c. Who became President. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 37 

6. Death of Clay and Webster. 

a. Date. b. Write brief sketch of their lives. 



Pierce's administration. — 1 85 3-1 85 7. 

1. Election. 

1 . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Route for Pacific railroad explored. 

a. Where, b. When. c. By whom. 

2. Japan opens two ports of entry to the United States. 

a. How brought about, b. Effect on the United 
States. 

3. Gadsden Purchase. 

a. What. b. From whom. c. Provisions. 

4. Kansas Nebraska bill. 

a. Origin, b. Provisions, c. When passed, d. Re- 
sults. 

5. Republican party formed. 

a. By whom. b. Platform. 



Buchanan's adiMinistration. — 1857-1861. 

1. Electioti. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Ifnportant Facts. 

2. Mormon troubles. 

a. What. b. Results. 

2. Atlantic telegraph laid. 

a. By whom. ^. When. c. Of what importance. 

3. Dred Scott decision. 

a. Give its history. 



3S HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

4. John Brown's raid. 

a. Give its history. 

5. Democratic party divided. 

a. Causes, b. Date. c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Lincoln's administration. — 1 861-1865. 
£^ lection. 

1. By whom elected. 

2. Meaning of the election. 
Important Facts. 

1. Fort Sumpter bombarded. 

a. When. d. By whom. c. Results. 

2. Secession. 

a. Definition. b> By whom advocated. <:. By whom 
opposed, d. What states seceded. 

3. Civil war. 

a. Definition, b. Give the causes, both remote and 
immediate, that led to our civil war. 



REVIEW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD TO THE WAR OF SECESSION. 

1. Write a list of Presidents from Washington to Lincoln 

inclusive, in the order in which they were elected. 

2. Make a list of political parties in chronological order 

with a brief statement of the platforms of each. 

3. Review of political meanings of presidential elections. 

4. List of states admitted, with dates of admission, and 

from what territory taken. 

5. List of conspicuous actors of the war of 181 2, stating 

for what each was noted. 

6. List of conspicuous actors of the Mexican war, stating 

for what each was noted. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



39 



7. Draw a map showing the original thirteen states ; Span- 

ish cession in 1819; Mississippi Territory; territory 
south of the Ohio river; territory north of the Ohio 
river; province of Louisiana; Mexican cession ; and 
Texas. 

8. Prepare a sketch of the lives and public services of Pat- 

rick Henry, John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, 
Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, LaFayette, George 
Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alex- 
ander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, Tecumseh, James 
Madison, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Web- 
ster, Black Hawk, Winfield Scott, Santa Anna, John 
C. Calhoun, and Zachary Taylor. 



WAR OF SECESSION. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 86 1. 

1 . Organization, of the Army. 

1. How organized. 

2. What difficulties experienced. 

3. Who appointed commander. 

4. Important places held by Federals. 

5. Important places held by Confederates. 

2. /;/ the West. 

1. In Missouri. "j a. Engagements. 

2. On the Mississippi. b. Prominent officers. 

3. Li the East. \ c. Feelings of the people. 

1. In West Virginia. d. Conduct of the soldiers, 

2. In Eastern Virginia. J e. Results of campaigns. 

4. Naval and Coast Opej^ations. 

1. Places held by Federals. 

2. Places held by Confederates. 

5. Foreign Relations. 

I. Attitude of France. 



40 HISTORY OF UNITED 5TA1ES. 

2. Attitude of England. 

3. Trent affair. 

a. What troubles, b. How settled. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 862. 

1. In the West. 

1. Federal position. 

2. Confederate position. 

3. Engagements. 

4. Trace movements of armies on map. 

5. Leading officers. 

6. Results. 

a. Of each engagement. 

b. Of the campaigns. 

2. In the East. 

1. Disposition of troops. If ^^^f^^' , 

^ ^ ( ^. Confederate. 

2. Peninsula campaign. 

a. Date. ^. Objective point, c. Route taken. ^/. 
Engagements, e. Leading officers. /. Important 
events, g. Results, h. Draw a map of the Pen- 
insula showing the route taken and battles fought. 

3. Lee's invasion of the North. 

a. Date. /;. Object, c. Route, d. Engagements. 
e. Leading officers. / Important events, g. 
Results. 

4. On the Rappahannock. 

a. Engagements, b. Dates, c. Results. 

5. At New Orleans. 

a. Date. b. Results, c. Draw a map of New Or- 
leans and vicinity. 

6. Naval actions. 

a. Engagements, b. Results. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 4 1 

OPERATIONS OF 1863. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 

1. Date. 

2. Provisions. 

3. Effect on the country. 
/// the East, 

1. Position of troops in spring of 1863. 

a. Federal, b. Confederate. 

2. Change of commanders. 

a. What change, b. When made. c. Cause, 
f a. Date. 

3. Battle of Chancellorsville \ ^- Objective point. 
"* ' \ c. Commanders. 



d. Results. 
4. Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Route, d. Engagements. 
e. Commanders, f. Important events, g. Re- 
sults. 
/;/ the West. 
I . Position of troops. 

a. Federal, b. Confederate. 

a. Commanders. 



A r 4-1 T^ \ b' Object, c. Route. 

2. Army of the Tennessee. \ ■, x:- 



3. Army of the Cumberland. 

Draft Riots. 

1. Where. 

2. Cause. 

3. Results. 



d. Engagements. 

e. Important events. 

f. Results. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 864. 



I. In Virginia. 

I. Position of troops. 

a. Federal, b. Confederates. 



42 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



2. Grant's move on Richmond. 

3. Command under Butler. 

4. Sheridan's valley campaign. 



2. In the West. 



1. Sherman s campaign. 

2. Red River expedition. 

3. Thomas' campaign. 

4. Naval operations. 



3. Lincoln' s Reelection. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 



a. Object, b. 
c. Engagements 



Rout 



d. Important events. 

e. Commanders. 
^f. Results. 

Positions, b. Objects 

Routes, d. Commanders. 

Engagements. 

Important events. 

Results. ]i. Draw map of 
Western and Southern 
states shov/ing the move- 
ments of the armies. 



865. 
a. Objects, b. Routes, 
c. Engagements. 

Results. 



(^. 



OPERATIONS OF 

1 . Sherman' s Movements. 

2. Sheridzn' s Afovements. 

3. Granf s Movements. 

4. Assassination of Lijicoln. 

1. By whom. 

2. Effect on the country. 

3. Results- 

5. Jeff. Davis Captured. 

1. Where. 

2. When. 

3. What was done with him. 

6. Arj?iy Disbanded. — When, how, and where. 



Johnson's administration. — 1 865-1 869. 
Election as Vice-President. 

1. By what party, 

2. How made President. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 43 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Reconstruction. 

a. What steps taken. 

2. Public debt. 

a. Amount, b. What steps were taken to meet it. 

3. Foreign relations. 

a. With France in regard to Mexico. 

4. Impeachment of Johnson. 

a. Cause, b. Results. 

5. States re-admitted. 

a. What states, b. How. 

6. Purchase of Alaska. 

a. Object, b. Price paid. 



grant's administration. — 1869-1877. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Completion of Pacific Railroad. 

a. Date. b. Extent, c. Of what importance. 

2. Constitutional amendments adopted. 

a. What ones. b. Provisions. 

3. Ninth census completed. 

a. Population of United States. 

4. Treaty of Washington made. 

a. Its object, b. By whom. c. Its provisions, d. Its 
results. 

5. Chicago fire. 

a. Date. b. Loss. c. Effect on the country. 

6. Grant reelected. 

a. By what party, b. Meaning of the election. 

7. Boston fire. 

a. Date. b. Loss. c. Effects. 



44 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

8. Modoc war. 

a. Causes, b. How fought, c. Results. 

9. Credit Mobiler investigation. 

a. Causes, h. Results. 

10. Louisiana troubles. 

a. Causes, b. Results. 

11. Financial panic of 1873. 

a. Causes, b. Results. 

12. Death of eminent men. 

a. Who. b. When. 



HAYES ADMINISTRATION. 

1. By what party, 

2. What trouble in regard to electoral count and how was it 

settled. 

3. Indian Troubles. 

a. When begun, b. Engagements and losses, c. 
How settled. 

4. Condition of the Country y January i, 1878. 

a. Financial, b. Commercial, c. Agricultural, d. 
Political. e» Educational. 



REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD FROM BEGINNING OF WAR 0/ 
SECESSION TO.1S78. 

1. List of prominent actors of War of Secession, stating for 

what each was noted. 

2. List of decisive battles and the successful parties. 

3. Write a brief history of the War of Secession. 

4. Prepare a sketch of the lives and public services of Abraham 

Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglass, William H. Seward, Jeffer- 
son Davis, Stonewall Jackson, U. S. Grant, Geo. B. Mc- 
Clellan, Philip Kearney, Charles Sumner, Horace Greeley, 
x\ndrew Johnson, Robert E. Lee, W. T. Sherman, George 
H. Thomas, and Oliver P. Morton. 

5. Draw a may of United States as it was in 1S77, locating im- 

poitant cities, railroads, and rivers. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 45 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



PART I.— PHYSIOLOGY. 

Classification of Bodies. 

1. Organic \.a. Define. 

2. Inorganic. j b. Give examples. 
Organic Bodies Divided. 

1. Vegetable. \a. Define. 

2. Animal. j b. Give examples. 
Animal Characteristics. 

1. Manner of taking food, j Co^p^red with vegetables. 

2. Nervous system. j 
Animal Sub- Kingdoms. 

1. Radiates. "I 

2. Mollusks. I a. Define. 



3. Articulates. j b. Give examples. 

4. Vertebrates. J 



5. Vertebrates Classified. 

1. Fishes. ^ 

2. Reptiles. I describe each class. 

3. Birds. f 

4. Mammals. J 

6. Relation of Man to the Lower Animals. 

I. Characteristics of Man. 

a. Framework of body. b. Face. c. Mind. ^.Expres- 
sive functions. 

7. Human Body Divided into Systems. 

1. Nutrition. ) «. Define each. 

2. Voluntary motion, v ^. Analyze each. 

3. Nervous. ) c. Give examples. 



46 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

NUTRITION. 



I. Food. 

Llbuminate. 

( c. Examples of each. 



r a. Define. 



1. Albuminate. i , ^tt, , ^^ ^^n^j 
^ , •<, ^. Why so called. 

2. Carbonaceous, y t:> i r 



2. Mouth. 

I. Mastication. 

^. Define it. ^. Its purpose. 

2. Mucous Membrane. 

a. Describe it. b. Why so called, c. Its functions. 

3. Serous Membrane. 

^. Describe it. b. Why so called, c. Its functions. 

4. Teeth. 

a. Composition, b. Number, c. Classes and names. 
d. Shape and functions. 

3. Saliva }-y Glands, 

1. Parotid. {a. Situation. 

2. Submaxillary. -' b. Functions. 

3. Sublingual. (<r. Why so named. 

4. Saliva. 

I. Its composition. 2. Its use. 3. Why better than ^va- 
ter. 

5 . Tongue. 

1. Describe it. 2. What is its use. 

6. Pliarynx. 

I. Shape. 2. Structure. 3. Linings. 4. Openings and 
termination. 

7. Esophagus. 

I. Position and extent. 2. Numberand description of coats. 
3. Functions and terminations. 



DIGESTION. 

I. Stomach. 

I. Shape, position, and orifices. 2. Functions. 3. Describe 
the coats. 4. Sympathy between stomach and mouth. 5. 
Process of digestion in the stomach. 6. Formation of 
chyme. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



47 



2. 


Intestinal Canal. 

1. Duodenum, f ^. 

2. Jejunum. ^ <^. 

3. Ileum. \^c. 




4. Mesentery. ( a. 

5. Lacteals. | ^. 




6. Cjecum. (a. 

7. Colon. ^ b. 

8. Rectum. (r. 


3- 


Liver. 




I. Location. 2. 


4- 


Pancreas. 
I. Location. 2. 


5- 


I. How formed. 


6. 


Thoracic Duct 




I. Location. 2. 


7. 


Spleen. 
I. Location. 2. 



. Shape and length. 
. Describe the coats. 
. Why so named. 

Location, b. Arrangement. 
Why so named, d. Functions. 

Length. 

Structure. 

Use of Ileo-Colic valve. 

Shape. 3. Functions. 

Shape. 3. Functions. 

2. Where transmitted. 3. Use. 

Extent. 3. Function. 

Shape. 3. Functions. 



CIRCULATION. 

1. The Heart. 

I. Location. 2. Position. 3. Shape. 4. Divisions. 5. 
Right and left sides compared. 6. Action described. 
7. -Valves and their uses. 

2. A Ji cries. 

I. Structure and origin. 2. Ramifications. 3. Functions. 

3. CupiLlaries. 

\. Structure. 2. Location. 3. Functions. 

4. Veins. 

I. Origin. 2. Structure. 3. Terminations. 4. Functions. 
5. How distinguished from arteries. 

5. Pulse. 

I. Define. 2. How caused. 



[S PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

6. Lymphatics. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Functions. 4. Communi- 
cations. 

7. Absorbatits. 

I. Describe them. 2. Functions. 

8. Anastomosing Vessels. 

I. What are they. 2. Why so called. 3. Communica- 
tions. 4. Functions. 



RESPIRATION. 

1 . Respiratory Apparatus, 

I. Consists of what. 2. Its purpose. 

2. Trachea. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Communications. 4. Func- 
tions. 

3. Bronchia. 

I. Origin. 2. Structure. 3. Ramifications. 4. Termi- 
nation. 

4. ^/r 6>/V>. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Functions. 4. Howgasses 
are transmitted through them. 

5. Lnugs. 

I. Number. 2. Location. 3. Position. 4. Functions, 

6. Diaphragm. 

I. Define. 2. Structure. 3. Shape. 4. How bounded. 
5, Describe the process of respiration. 

7. Purpose of Respiration. 

I. What is it. 2. Use of oxygen to the system. 

8. Animal Heat. 

I. Definition. 2. Source. 3. Use to the body. 

9. Liver. 

I, Location. 2. Position. 3. Size. 4. Color. 5. 
Functions. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 49 

10. T'.c Skin. 

I. Coats named and described. 2. Glands named and de- 
scribed. 3. Insensible perspiration defined. 

11. The Kidneys. 

I. Location. 2. Shape. 3. Color. 4. Functions. 

12. Temperature of the body. 

I. How affected in man. 2. In different animals. 3. In 
different climates. 



GROWTH AND REPAIR. 

1. B.'ood. 

I. Its composition. 2. Its use. 3. Amount in human 
body. 4. Different kinds. 5. Color. 

2. Blood Disks. 

I. What are they 2. Different kinds. 3. Functions. 

3. Cell Structure. 

I. Ho\v carried on. 2. Mode of growth explained. 3. 
How cells are destroyed. 4. Relation of blood to cell 
transformation. 



THE SKELETON. 

1. Bpnes. 

I. Their uses. 2. Structure. 3. Covering. 4. Shapes. 
5. Process of ossification. 6. Chemical compositio]i. 
7. Joints defined and classified. 

2. Cartilages. 

I. Definition. 2. Uses. 

3. Ligaments. 

I. Formation. 2. Uses. 

4. Boms of the head. 

1. Skull bones. 

tz. Names, h. Shape, c. Location, d. Joints. 



5° 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



2. Face Bones. 

a. Names, b. Number. 

5. Spinal Column. 

I. Number of bones. 2. Shape of bones. 3. How held 
together. 

6. RU^s. 

I. Number. 2. Position. 3. Curvatures. 4. Articula- 
tions. 

7. Sternum. 

I. Shape. 2. Location. 3. Functions. 

8. Upper Extrejneties. 

1 . Shoulder, f ^. Names. ^. Number. 

2. Arms. ^ r. Shape, d. Articulations. 

3. Hands. \^e. Functions. 

9. Lower Extremeties. 

1. Thigh, (a. Names, b. Number, c. Shape. 

2. Leg. \ d. Size. e. Articulations. 

3. Foot. \J. Functions. 



MUSCLES. 

1. Formation. 

I. How formed. 2. Fibers and Facia described. 

2. Muscular Contraction. 

I. How caused. 2. Its power. 

3. 6^V6' of the Muscles. 

4. Tendons. 

I. Formation. 2. Uses. 3. How united with muscles. 

5. Arrangement of Muscles. 

I. To produce motion. 2. In pairs. 

6. Muscular Motion. 



1. Voluntary. ( ^. Define. 

2. Involuntary. | ^. Give examples. 



LARYNX. 

I. Position, Shape, and Conmiunications. 



1 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 5 1 



Cartihv^es. 

1. Cricoid. ^ 

2. Thyroid. )- Describe each. 

3. Arytenoid. ) 
Glottis and Epiglottis. 

I. Location. 2. Definition. 3. Uses. 
Vocal Cords 

I. Position. 2. Formation. 3. Uses. 
Pitch of Voice. 

I. How caused. 2. How modulated. 
Functions of the Lar?iyx. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

1. Brain. 

I. Divisions. 2. Composition. 3. Functions. 4. Mem- 
branes. 

a. Describe each. 

2. Cranial Nerves. 

I. Number. 2. Extent. 3. Connections. 4. Arrange- 
ment. 5. Functions. 

3. Spinal Ne^ues. 

I. Number. 2. Divisions. 3. Names. 4. Arrangement. 
5. Ramifications. 
4 Motor Nerves. 

I. Origin. 2. Functions. 3. Effect of injury to them. 

5 . Sentient Nerves. 

I. Origin. 2. Functions. 3 Terminations. 

6. Effect of Injury to a Nervous Trunk. 

7. Sympathetic Nervous Sy stein. 

I. Definition. 2. Relation to other nerves. 



SENSE OF HEARING, 

I. 7 he Ear. How divided. Use. 



52 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. External ear. 

a. Shape, b. Purpose, c. Openings, how protected. 

2. Tympanum. 

a. Location, b. Shape, c. Size. d. Use. 

3. Bones ot the ear. 

a. Number. b. Shape. c. Location, d. Names. 
e. Use. / Articulations, g. Effect of disease up- 
on the bones. 

4. Labyrinth. 

a. Composed of what. b. Describe the vestibule. 

5. Sound. 

a. How transmitted, b. How made. 



SENSE OF SEEING. 

I. The Eye. 

1. Divisions. 

2. Muscles. 

a. Number, b. Attatchments. c» Functions. 

3. Lachrymal Glands. 

a. Location, b. Functions. 

4. Coats of the eye. 

a. Name. b. Location. c. Structure, d. Func- 
tions. 

5. Iris. ) 

6. Pupil. > Locate and describe each. 

7. Ciliary Processes. ) 

8. Aqueous Humor. 

a. Location, b. Shape, c. Nature. d. Effect ot 
shape. 

9. Crystalline Lens. 

a. Location, b. Nature, c. Shape, d. Functions. 

10. Vitreous Humor. 

a. Location, b. Nature, c. Shape, d. Functions. 

11. How objects are seen. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 53 

a. Why seen erect, l^. Explain by illustration. 

12. Spherical aberration. 

a. Its cause. I?. Its effect, c. How remedied. 

13. Short sightedness. 

a. Its cause, d. Its cure. 

14. Long sightedness. 

a. Its cause. 

15. Size and distance of objects. 

a. How determined, b. Effect of transparency of 
air. 

16. Double vision. 

a. How caused, b. Advantage of two eyes, c. In- 
fluence of two eyes on vision. 



NERVOUS FUNCTIONS. 

1. Spinal Cord Analyzed. 

1. Gr^-y matter \ a. Ratio. 

2. White matter. | b. Location. 

3. Communication of spinal nerves explained. 

4. Functions of spinal cord. 

2. Motions. 



1. Voluntary, (a. Definitions. 

2. Involutary. \ b. Causes. 

3. Reflex. yc. Examples. 



MENTAL FUNCTIONS. 

Tliought. 

1. De[^endent on what. 

2. How shown. 

3. Measured by ; how shown. 

4. Origin of; how proven. 

5. Difference between voluntary and involuntary thought 

explained. 



54 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

6. Thought modified by training, examples. 

7. Man compared with the lower animals in regard to 

thought. 



SLEEP. 

1 . Effect on the Senses. Examples. 

2. Effect on Nervous Euncttons. Examples. 

3. Effect onMental Eunciions. Examples. 

4. Effect on Brain, Examples. 

5. What amount necessary. 

6. Difference between coma a?td sleep. 



PART II.— HYGIENE. 



1 . Hygiene defined and compared with Physiology. 

2. Health and disease defined and compared. 

3 . Influence of Hygiene on duratio?i of life. 

4. Water. 

I. Sources of impurity. 2. How purified. 3. Proper 
temperature of drinks. 

5. Drinks. 





1. Tea. 

2. Coffee. 

3. Chocolate 

4. Fermentec 

Animal. 1 a. 
Vegetable, j b. 


i drinks. 


a. 

b. 

c. 


Effect on 

Uses. 
Abuses. 


the 


system. 


I. 

2. 


CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 

Definitions. 
Examples. 





s 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 55 

FOOD DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. 



a. Chemical properties. 

b. Where found. 

c. Uses. 



1 . Flesh Forming. 

1. Gluten. 

2. Fibrine. 

3. Caseine. 

4. Albumen. 

5. Gelatine. 

2. Starchy Group. \ 

3. Fatty " \ a. Where found 

4. Metallic " f Ik Composition. 

5. Acid " J c. Uses. 



KINDS OF FOOD THEIR VALUE. 

1. Milh. 

I. Its composition. 2. Its effect on the system. 3. Its 
effect — how modified. 

2. Cheese. 

I. How produced. 2. Value as food. 3. Quantity to be 
eaten. 

3. Fuller. 

I. Belongs to which group. 2. Value as food. 

4. ^^';,^J-. 

I. Belong to which group. 2. Value as food. 3. Man- 
ner of cooking. 

5. Animal Flesh. 

I. Different kinds. 2. Value of each as food. 3. Manner 
of cooking. 



56 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIEXE. 



6. 


Wholesome Meat. 




I. How distinguished. 2. Why necessary, j 


7- 


Wheat. \ 




8. 


Rye. 


, i 


9- 


Corn. 




lO. 


Barley 




II. 


Oats. 




12. 


Beans, 


a. Belongs to which group. 


13- 


Peas. 


b. Chemical propertiess. 


14. 


Rice. 


c. Dietetic value, 
' d^ Manner of cooking. 


15- 


Potatoes. 


16. 


Turnips. 


e. What precautions necessary in the use of sea- 


17. 


Beets. 


soning. 


18. 


Onions. 




19. 


Cabbage. 




20. 


Fruits. 




21. 


Salt. 




22. 


Vinegar. 





QUANTITY OF FOOD 

1 . How Modified by Digestion. 

2. Things that Affect Digestion. 

1. Tobacco. 

2. Temperature. 

3. Exercise. 

4. Ventilation. 

5. Change of habits 

6. Mental labor. 

7. Alcohol. 



a. What effect on digestion. 
\b. How should they be taken, 
c. Examples. 



TIME OF TAKING FOOD. 



1. Intervals. 

I. How long. 2. Importance of regularity. 

2. Breakfast \ ^y,,^^^ 

3. Dinner. ^^ Kinds of food best. 

4. :^:ipper. ) 

5. Eating between Meals. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 57 

T. Effect of 2. Why injurious. 

6. Manner of Eathig. 

I. Fast or slow, and why. 2. Proper temperature of food. 
3. Importance of thorough mastication. 

7. Effect of Eating when Eatigued. 

8. Rest foJowin'^ Meals. 

I. How much. 2. Why. 

9. Quantity of Eood. 

I. How measured. 2. Effect of eating too much. 



CIRCULATION. 

1. Pressure on the Veins. 

I. How injurious. 2. How are the veins frequently press- 
ed. 

2. Change of Temperature. 

I. Effect on circulation. 2. Cause and examples. 

3. Influence of Mind on Circulation. 

I. What influence. 2. Examples. ^ 

4. Bleeding p'oni Arteries. 

I. How checked. 2. How distinguished from bleeding 
from veins. 



BREATHING. 

1 . Movements of the Ril)s in Breathing. 

I. What movement. 2. How hindered. 3. Effect of com- 
pression. 4. When is compression of the ribs most 
injurious, and why. 

2. Impe?fect Breathing. 

I. How detected. 2. Its effect. 3. How corrected. 



58 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

PURE AIR. 

1. Composition of Air. 

I. Elements. 2. Ratio of elements. 3. Functions of 
each element. 

2. Impure Air. 

I. Source. 2. Effect. 3. How corrected. 

3. Means of Purifying Air. 

I. Natural, 2. Artificial. 

4. Diminution of Oxygen by Breathing. 

I. How much. 2. Explain the process. 



ANIMAL HEAT. 

Temperature of the Body. 
I. How influenced by age. 2. Climatic influence. 3, 
How uniform temperature is maintained. 4. Eflect 
of overheated rooms. 5. Proper temperature of rooms. 
6. Means of reducing heat. 7. Effects of exposure 
to currents of air. 8. Importance of moisture. 
Bathing. 
I. Why necessary. 2, How to bathe. 3. Caution in bath- 
ing. 4. Kinds of baths described. 
Clothing. 
I. Its relation to health, 2. Quantity needed. 3. Vari- 
eties of clothing compared. 3. Eff"ects of compress- 
ing the body by clothing. Examples. 



BONE. 

Bone Nutrition. 

I. What food necessary for formation and repair of bone. 
2. Effect of an over-supply of bone-earth. 
DistortioJi of Bone, 

I. How produced. Examples. 2. Effect of stooping. 
Deformed Feet. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 59 



I. How produced. 2. Effects. 
Sfinal Curvature. 

I. Cause. 2. Remedy. 
Effect of Exercise on Bones, 

I. Too much. 2. Not enough. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Effect of Muscular Motion. 

2. Kinds of Air best for Exercise. Why. 

3. Suntii^^ht and Shadow. 

I. Their relation to good health. Examples. 

4. Amount required. 

I. What amount. 2. How increased. 3. Effect of increas- 
ing the amount too rapidly. 

5 . E elation of Mental and physical Exercise. 

6. Rules for taking Exercise. 

7. Games. 

I. What kind beneficial. Why. 

8. Mammal Labor. 

I. Healthful. 2. Injurious. 
Q. Best Time for Study. 





BRAIN POISONS. 


. Alcohol. 


I. Its chemical relation. 




a. Digestion. 




b. Chemical change. 




r. Muscular force. 




d Animal heat. 




e. Nervous system. 


2. Its effect on < 


/. Vision. 




'g. Smell. 




/z. Hearing. 




/. Taste. 




J. Mind. 




[ k. Duration of Life. 



;0 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2. Tobacco. 

I. Effects compared with those of alcohol. 2. Chemical 
properties compared with those o' alcohol. 

3. Opium. 

I. Compared with alcohol. 2. Compared with tobacco. 



SLEEP. 

1. Its necessity. 

2. Its effect. 

3. Amount required. 

4. Best time for sleep. 

5. Effect of producing sleep by medicine. 



WAKEFULNESS. 



1 . Its cause. 

2. Its effect. 

3. Its remedy. 



INJURIES FROM ACCIDENT. 



1. ijleedmer from wounds. ] tt ^ -. j 
-D . ° ., , \ How treated. 

2. Bruises and burns. 



ACUTE DISEASES. 

1. Symptoms of their approach. 

2. Kinds of treatment needed. 



MEDICINES. 

1. Their uses. 

2. Their abuses. 



ARITHMETIC. 6t 



ARITH^T-^TIC. 

DEFINITIONS. 

I. Define and give Example of Each : 

I. A unit. 2. A number. 3. An integer. 4. A concrete 
number. 5. An abstract number. 6. An odd num- 
ber. 7. An even number. 8. Like numbers. 9. 
Unlike numbers. 10. Unit of a number. 11. A 
scale. 12. Uniformscale. 13. Varying scale. 14.. 
Decimal scale. 15. Notation. 16. Numeration. 



ADDITION. 

1. Define and Fllustr ate. 

I. Addition. 2. Sum or amount. 3. Sign of addition.. 
4. Sign of equality. 

2. Rules, 

I. For writing numbers to add. 2. For adding, when sum 

of each column is less than 10. 3. When sum of any 

column is 10 or more. 4. For proof. 

Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 
written work until each pupil can write aad add any numbers accurately and 
rapidly. 



SUBTRACTION. 

1. Define and Illu strafe. 

I. Subtraction. 2. Minuend. 3. Subtrahend. 4. Dit' 
ference. 

2. Principles. 

T. In regard to subtracting like and unlike numbers. 2 
Minuend equals what. 



62 ARITHMETIC. 

3. Eules. 

I. For writing numbers for subtraction. 2. For subtract- 
ing when all figures in minuend exceed correspond- 
ing figures in subtrahend 3. For subtracting when 
a figure in minuend is smaller than corresponding 
figure in subtrahend. 4. For proof of work. 
Note to Teacher — The teacher should now drill the class in mental an^ 
written work until each pupil can write and subtract any numbers accurately 
and rapidly. 



MULTIPLICATION. 

1. Define and Illusti-ate. 

I. Multiplication. 2. Multiplicand. 3. Multiplier. 4. 
Product. 5. Sign of Multiplication. 6. Factors. 
7. Prime numbers. 8. Composite numbers. 

2. FrinciPles. 

I. For writing the numbers. 2. When multiplier is 10, 100, 
1000, etc. 3. When multiplier is an abstract number. 
4. Product to be like the multiplicand. 

3. Rules. 

I. For writing the numbers. 2. For multiplying by units. 
3. For multiplying by higher order than units. 4. 
For proof by subtraction. 

4. Rules for Short Methods. 

I. When multiplier is composite number. 2. When either 
term has ciphers at the right. 3. When part of the 
multiplier is repeated. 4. When either term *is a 
number of 9's. 

.Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the classin mental and 
written work until each pupil can write and multiply any numbers accurately 
and rapdly. 



DIVISION. 

I. Define and Illustrate. 



ARITHMETIC. ('3 

I. Division. 2. Dividend. 3. Divisor. 4. Quotient. 
5. Remainder. 6. Sign of division. 7. Relation 
of division to subtraction. 

2. Principles. 

:. Relation of division to multiplication. 2. Relation of 
division to subtraction. 3. Denomination of the 
quotient. 4. Denomination of the remainder. 5. 
Effect of multiplying or dividing both dividend and 
divisor by the same number. 

3. Relies. 

I. For writing the numbers. 2. For short division. 3. 

For long division. 4. For proof. 5. For dividing 

by factors. 6. When divisor is 10, 100, 1000, etc. 

7. When divisor ends with one or more ciphers. 8. 

When divisor is a convenient part of 10, 100, 1000, 

etc. 

Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 

written work until each pupil can write and divide any numbers accurately and 

rapidly. 



FACTORING. 

1 . Definitions. 

I. Factor. 2. Prime factor. 3. Common factors of two 
or more numbers. 

2. Rules. 

1. To resolve a composite number into its prime factors. 
2. To find the common factors of two or more num- 
bers. 

3. Drill iho7-oughly by examples both mental and tvritten. 



CANCELLATION. 

1. Define Cancellation. 

2. IV/ien is Cancellation used. 

3. Drill thoroughly by examples both mental and undtten. 



64 ARITHMETIC. 

DIVISORS. 

1 . Definitions. 

I. Divisor. 2. Common divisor. 3. Greatest common 
divisor. 

2. Rules. 

1. By factoring. 2. By division. 

3. Illustrate by examples both mental and written. 



MULTIPLES. 

1 . Definitions. 

I. Multiple, 2. Common multiple. 3. Least common 
multiple. 

2. Rules. 

I. By factoring. 2. By division. 

3. Illustrate by Examples both Mental and Written. 



FRACTIONS. 

1. A Fraction. 

I. Definition. 2. Use. 3. How expressed. 4. Illus- 
trate by examples. 

] I. Definition. 

2. Numerator. [ 2. Why so called. 

3. Denominator. \ 3. Denotes what. 

J 4. Examples. 

4. proper Fractions. 

5. Improper Fractions. 

6. Simple Fractions. 
7 Conipou nd Fractions . 

8. Complex Fractions. 

9. Decimal Fractions. 
10. Mixed Numbers. 



I. Definition. 
)- 2. Why so called. 
3. Examples. 



ARITHMETIC. 



■6s 



Principles. 

Analysis, 

Rules. 

MeJiial Examples. 

Written Examples. 



REDUCTION OF FR-\CTION?. 

1. Whole or mixed numbers reduced 
to simple fractions. 

2. Improper fractions reduced to mix- 
ed numbers. 

3. Simple fractions reduced to higher 
terms. 

4. Simple fractions reduced to lower 
or lowest terms. 

5. Fractions reduced to common de- 
nominator. 

6. Compound fractions reduced to 
simple ones. 



ADDITION OF FRAC-TIONS. 

1. Ppinciples. In regai'd to Lenoj^iinator. 

(i. For adding simple fractions. 

2. Analysis. > ^^ -p^^ adding compound fractions. 

3. Rules. ^^ For adding mixed numbers. 

4. Mental Examples. 
^ . l^ritten Exa??iples . 



SUBTRACTION OF FR.\CTIONS. 

I . Principles. In regard to Deno?ninator. 

. r I. For subtracting simple fractions. 
z. Analysis. J ^ ^qx subtracting compound tractions, 

3. Rules. ^ ^^ Yqx subtracting mixed numbers. 

4. Mental Examples. 

5. Written Examples. 



MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 



1. Principles. 

2. Analysis. 

3. Rules. 

4. Mental Exainples. 
:;. \<ri:tcn Examt)les. 



I. 
2. 

)■ 3- 



Fraction X an integer. 
Integer X a fraction. 
Fraction X a fraction, 
n g-r X mixed number. 
M.xrd number X a fractioi 



66 ARITHMETIC. 

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS. 



I. 


Prificiples. 


I. 


Fraction -^ an integer. 


2. 


Analysis. 


2. 


Integer -^ a fraction. 


3- 


Rules. 


3- 


Fraction -^ a fraction. 


4- 


Mental Examples. 


4- 


Mixed number -^ a fraction. 


5- 


Written Examples. 


I 5- 


Fraction -^ a mixed number 



COMPLEX FRACTIONS. 

1. Definition. 

2. How Expressed. 

3. ZT^ze/ Changed to Simple Forms. 

4. ^^o/ Changed to Simple Fractions. 

5. How Changed to Fractions having any given Denominator, 

6. Mental Examples. 

7. Written Examples. 



DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 

1. Decifnals. 

I. Derivation of the word. 2, Definition of ''Decimal 
Fractions." 3. Why applied to this class of fractions. 

2. Three Ways of Expressi?ig Decimals. 

I. Bywords. Give examples. 2. By numerator and de- 
nominator. Give examples. 3. By use of ''Deci- 
mal Point." Examples. 

3. Value of Decimal Figures. 

I. How increased. Examples. 2. How diminished. Ex- 
amples. 3. How determined. Examples. 4. Start- 
ing point in notation and numeration. Examples. 



ARITHMETIC. 



67 



Principles, 

Analysis, 

Rules. 

Mental Examples, 

Written Examples. 



REDUCTION OF DECIMALS. 

Decimals reduced to a lower or high- 
er order. 

Decimals reduced to common frac- 
tions. 

Common fractions reduced to deci- 
mals. 



I. 



2. 



3- 



Principle. 

Analysis. 

Rules. 

Mental Examples. 

Written Examples 



ADDITION OF DECIMALS. 

For nuutber of Decinals placed in the Sum. 



1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For adding the numbers. 

1 3. For pointing the decimals. 



I. Principle. 



SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Decimals in Remainder, 

1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For subtracting the numbers. 

3. For pointing decimals. 
Mental Examples. 

Written Examples. 



Analysis. 
Rules, 



MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Vecimals in the Product, 

1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For multiplying the numbers. 

3. For pointing the decimals. 
Mental Examples. 

IVritten Examples. 



Principle. 

Analysis. 
Rules. 



Principle. 



DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Decimals in Quotient. 



68 



ARITHMETIC. 



2. Analysis. 

3. Joules. 



1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For dividing the numbers. 

3. For pointing the decimals. 

4. Mental Examples. 

5. Written Examples. 



COMPOUND DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 



1. Definitions. 

2. When Used. 

3. Examples. 



I. Denominate number. 2. Simple num- 
ber. 3. Compound denominate numbers. 
4. Scale. 5. Standard. 6. Space. 7. 
Solid. 8. Surface. 9. A line. 10. A 
^ pendulum. 



THE MEASURE OF LENGTH. 



1. Long Measure. 

2. Surveyor's Measure. 

3. Mariner' s Measure. 



(I. Its use. 2. Standard unit. 3. 
\ Table. 4. Origin. 5. Examples 
(^ illustrating each. 



THE MEASURE OF AREA. 


I. Definitons. 


I. An angle. 




2. A vertex. 




3. A plane surface. 


I. Define. 


4. A plane figure. 


^ 2. When used. 


5. A square. 


3. Illustrate by examples, 


6. Area. 




7. A parallelogram. 






I. Its use. 


2. Square Measure. 

3. Surveyor' s Measure. 


2. Standard unit. 

3. Origin of table. 

4- Table S^[^r.ti\. 
~ 5- Examples. .^... 



ARITHMETIC. 
THE MEASURE OF VOLUME. 



69 



1. Cubic Measure. 

2. Liquid Measure. 

3. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure. 

4. Dry Measure. 



1. Its use. 

2. Standard unit. 

3. Table. 

4. Origin of the table. 

[S- Examples. {-,\J-taL_ 



TABLE OF WEIGHT. 



1. Troy Weight. 

2. Apothecaries^ Weight. 

3. Avoirdupois Weight. 



1. Its use. 

2. Standard unit. 

3. Tables. 

4. Origin of tables. 

5. Examples. | ^; ^^ 



Mental, 
ritten. 



MISCELLANEOUS MEASURES. 

1. Measure of Time. 

I. Definition of ''Time." 2. Table. 3. Origin of terms 
u ed. 4. How centuries are counted. 5. Leap year 
explained. 6. Mental examples. 7. Written exam- 
ples. 

2. Circular Measure. 

I. Circle defined and illustrated. 2. Circumferenc-e defin- 
ed and illustrated. 3. Arc defined and illustrated. 4. 
Quadrant defined an 1 illustrated. 5. Radius defined 
and illustrated. 6. Diameter defined and illustrated. 
7. Use of circular measure. 8. Standard unit. 9. 
Table. 10. Examples: a. Mental, b. Written. 

3. Measure of Money. 

I. Money, coin, ingot, bullion, paper money, treasury 
notes, bank notes and nickle, defined and explained. 



70 



ARITHMETIC. 



2. U. S. Money. 

I. Use. 2. Standard unit. 3. Tables. 4. Exam- 
ples : Mental. Written. 

3. English money. 



REDUCTION. 



I . Reduction Ascending. 



2. 



\i 



Reduction Desce?tding. 



Definition. 2. Uses. 3. Rules. 

Mental and written examples un- 
der each table of compound num- 
bers worked and analyzed. 



1.. 



Reduction of 
JDefiominate -s ^ , . - 

Numiers.\^- descending. 



Ascending. 



4. Addition of Compound Numbers. 

5. Subtraction of Compound Numbers. 

6. Multiplication of Compoufid Numbers. 

7. Division of Compound Numbers. 

8. Addition of Denominate Numbers. 

9. Subtraction of Denominate Numbers. 



Rules. 2. Mental and 
written examples work- 
ed and analyzed. 

[. Mental and writ- 
ten examples 
under ca ch rule 
worked and an- 
alyzed. 

2. Rules. 



LONGITUDE AND TIME. 



1. Difference in Time, 

2. Difference in Longitude. 



1. Explain the cause. 

2. Table. 

3. Mental and written examples 

worked and analyzed. 

4. Rules. 



PERCENTAGE. 

I. Percent. 

I. Origin of the word 



Rate Per cent. 
I. Definition. 



2. Definition. 3. Sign. 
2. Meaning of ''Rate." 



ARITHMETIC. 



71 



3- 

4. 

5- 
6. 

7- 
S. 

10. 



3. Three ways of expressing. 

Base. 

Percentage. 

Amomit. 

Difference. 

Rate of Base. 

Rate of Percentage. 

Rate of Amount. 

Rate of Difference. 



Definition. 

Illustrate by examples. 

Abbreviations. 

Relation of each to the base. 



APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE. 



1. B. and R. given to fijid P. 

2. B. and P. given to find R. 

3. R. and P. givejttofind B. 

4. A. and R. given to find B. 

5. D. and R. given to find B. 

6. Profit and Loss. 

I. Cost price. "^ a. Definition. 



^lental problems worked 
and analyzed. 2. Rules 
made. 3. Written prob- 
lems worked both anlyti- 
cally and practically. 



2. 



Y 



Selling price. 
3. Gain or loss. ) 
Commission. 

1. Agent. 

2. Factor or broker. 
Commission. 
Consignment. 
Consignor. 
Consignee. 
Base of Commission. 
Net proceeds. 



b. Illustrate by exam- 



ples, c. Mental problems. 
ten problems. 



d Writ- 



2. 



Definition. 

Illustrate by examples. 

Principle — Upon what is an 

agent entitled to commission ? 

Mental problems. 

Written problems. 

Rule for Case I. 

Rule for Case II. 



72 



ARITHMETIC. 



3. Stocks, 



Company. 
Partnership. 
Corporation. 
Firm. 
Charter. 
Capital. 
Stock. 
Shares, 

Certificate of stock. 
Par value. 
Dividend. 
Market value. 
Premium. 
Discount. 
Installment. 
Assessment. 
Gross earnings. 
Net earnings. 
Surplus. 
20. Base of percentage. 



2. 

3- 

4. 

5- 
6 

7- 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 
12. 

13- 

14. 

15- 

16. 

17- 

18. 

19 



T. Definition. 

2. Illustrated by examples. 

3. Mental problems. 

4. Written problems. 



Insurance. 

1. Fire. 

2. Marine. 

3. Hull. 

4. Cargo. 



Life. 



a. Policy, d. Insurer. c. 
Underwriter, d. Policy 
Holder, e. Premium. 
/. Insurance Company. 

a. Continued Premium Pol- 
icy, d. Single Payment 
Policy, c. I'-ndowment 
Policy. d. Table of 
Mortality, e. Ratio of 
Insurance. /. Profits 
of Insurance. 



Definition. 
Illust. by 

examples. 
Written 

Problems. 
Rules. 



o. Revenue. 


yvK^i. 


lu. 


I. 


Revenue. 






2. 


Direct Tax. 






3- 


Indirect Tax. 






4- 


Poll Tax. 






5- 


Property Tax. 






6. 


Income Tax. 






7- 


Plxcise Tax. 






8. 


Real Estate. 






9- 


Personal Property. 






lO. 


Assessor. 






II. 


Collector. 


I. 


Definition. 


12. 


Assessment. 


^ 2- 


Illustrate by Examples 


13- 


Specific Duty. 


^3- 


Written Problems. 


14. 


Ad Valorum Duty. 


4. 


Rules. 


^5- 


Port of Entry. 






16. 


Draft. 






17- 


Tare. 






18. 


Leakage. 






19. 


Breakage. 






20. 


Gross Weight, 






21. 


Net Weight. 






22. 


Invoice. 






23- 


Appraiser. 






24. 


Tariff. 







73 



INTEREST. 

Vefinitions. 
I. Simple interest. 2. Annual interest. 3. Compound in- 
terest. 4. Principal. 5. Rate per cent. 6. Amount. 
Legal Rate. 
I. When mentioned in the note. 2. When not mentioned 
in the note. 
Problems. 
I. Make and explain the six per cent rule. 2. Mental prob- 
lems under six per cent rule. 3. Written problems un- 
der six per cent rule. 4. Rule for any per cent. 



74 



ARITHMETIC. 



5. P. R. and T. given to find I. ^ 

6. P. R. and T. given to find A. 

7. I. R. and T. given to find P. 

8. I. P. and R. given to find T. 

9. I. P. and T. given to find R. 
10. A. T. and R. given to find P. 



Mental problems. 
Written problems. 
Principles involved 
Rules made and ana- 
lyzed. 



4. Promissory Notes. 

I. Definition. 2. Uses. 3. Form. 4. Essential proper- 
ties. 5. When due. 6, To whom payable. 7. When 
invalid. 8. Joint or several. 9. Payable in what. 10. 
When payable. 11. When to draw interest. 12. Pa^er. 
13. Payee. 14. Indorser. 15. General indorsement. 
16. Special indorsement. 17. Effect of indorsement. 
18. Partial payments. 19. Rule for computing. 20. 
Rule when a payment is less than the amount of in- 
terest then due. 21. Written problems. 22. Write 
notes with indorsed payments and compule them. 



DISCOUNT. 



I. 



Defifiiiions. 
I. Discount, 
bank, 
grace. 



5- 



True Discount. 
Bank Discount. 



2. Face of note. 3. Present worth. 4. A 
Bank note. 6. Bankable note. 7. Days of 

9. Proceeds. 10. Protest, 

Principles involved. 

Mental problems. 

Rules. 

Written problems. 



Maturity. 

r I- 

2. 

3- 

4. 



EXCHANGE. 

I. Definitions. 

I. Bill of exchange. 2. Drawer. 
5. Buyer. 6. Domestic bill, 
draft. 9. Payable at sight. 



3. Drawee. 4. Payee. 

7. Foreign bill. 8. A 

10. A time bill. 11. 



Bonds. 12. Government 
14. At discount. 



bonds. 13. At premium. 



ARITHMETIC. 75 

2. Examples. 

I. Mental problems. 2. Principle involved. 3. Rule for 
sight draft. 4. Rule for time draft with interest. 5. 
5. Written problems. 



EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 

1. Definitions, 

I. Equation of payments-. 2. Equated time. 

2. Principles involved. 

I. Measure of the use of money. 2. How offset a payment 
made before due. 

3. Mental Proble^ns. 

4. Rule. 

5. Written Froblems. 



RATIO. 

1. Definitions. 

I. Ratio. 2. Proportion. 3. Antecedent. 4. Conse- 
quent. 5. Couplet. 6. Number. 7. Simple ratio. 
8. Compound ratio. 9. Inverse ratio. 

2. Principles. 

I. Value of a ratio. 2. Expressing a ratio. 

3. Examples. 

I. Mental problems worked and analyzed. 2. Written 
problems worked. 



PROPORTION. 

I. Definitions. 

I. Simple proportion. 2. Compound proportion. 3. Ex- 
tremes. 4. Means. 



76 ARITHMETIC. 

2. P7'inciples Involved. 

3. Mental Problems Worked and Analyzed, 

4. Rules. 

I. For stating the proportion. 2. For working the prob- 
lems. 

5 . l^ritien Exai?iples in Shnple Proportion. 

6. Examples in Compound Proportion Separated into Simple Pro- 

portion extwiples. 

7. Written Exa?nples in Compound Proportion 

1. Definitions. 

I. Simple partnership. 2, Partnership with time. 3. 
('ompany. 4. Partners. 5. Capital. 6. Joint stock. 
7. Stock in trade. 8. Silent partners, 

2. Principles Involved. 

3. Mental Examples Worked. 

4. Rules. 

I. For working without time. 2. For working with time. 

5. Written Examples. 



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